Sunday, 31 July 2016

1 AUG HISTORY TODAY

Today in Indian History
Events for August 1
1-August-1672The East India Company and the English law was for the first time intorduced in India. It was set up as directed by the Court of Judicature.
1-August-1846Dwarkanath Tagore, a Hindu philanthropist, died in London.
1-August-1879Achyut Balwant Kolhatkar, famous litterateur and journalist, was born.
1-August-1882Purushottamdas Tandon, great leader and editor, was born at Allahabad (U.P.)
1-August-1899Kamala Nehru, wife of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, great revolutionary freedom fighter and social worker, was born.
1-August-1905Horse drawn tram cars were closed down in Bombay. This service was started on May 9, 1874 with 20 tram cars and 200 horses. The very first day of its run, the number of passengers carried was 451 and the amount earned was Rs. 85/- on the last day it had 1360 horses and carried 71,947 passengers and earned Rs.4,260/.
1-August-1916Mrs. Annie Besant in cooperation with Bal Gangadhar Tilak started the Home Rule League Movement with Dadabhai Naoroji as its President.
1-August-1920Bipin Chandra Pal opposed to the Non Co-operation Movement and retired from politics, but movement was approved by Congress.
1-August-1920Under the leadership of Gandhi, the non-cooperation movement was launched against Lord Chelmsford. ""Firmness in truth,"" was his strategy of noncooperation and non-violence against India's Christian British rulers. Later, he resolved to wear only 'dhoti' to preserve homespun cotton and simplicity, followed with grassroots agitation. This began with renunciation of honorary titles like 'Sir' given by the British. Thereafter, it was followed by the boycott of legislatures, elections and other Government works. Foreign clothes were burnt and Khadi became a symbol of freedom. The movement was a great success despite firing and arrests. By the end of 1921, all important national leaders, except Gandhi, were in jail, along with 3000 others. However, in February 1922, at Chaurichaura, Uttar Pradesh, violence erupted and Gandhi called off the movement.
1-August-1920Bal Gangadhar Tilak, British-Indian Hindu leader, died at Bombay.
1-August-1920Kirloskar, monthly magzine, was published.
1-August-1920Gandhiji addresses letter to Viceroy surrendering ""Kaisar-E-Hind"" Medal, ""Zulu War"" Medal and ""Boer War"" Medal and launched the All India Non-Violent Non-Coperation
1-August-1922Ratilal Sankalchand Nayak, educationist and writer, was born at Kadi, Gujarat .
1-August-1927Dr. Rahi Masoom Raza, famous Hindi litterateur, was born.
1-August-1931Bhairabh Ganguly, cricket test umpire for 5 tests from 1981-85, was born at Bengal.
1-August-1932Meena Kumari, film actress, was born.
1-August-1939Bombay begins Prohibition, first since U.S. law was repealed.
1-August-1947Partition of India into India and Pakistan. Power transferred. Lord Mountbatten becomes Governor General of India and Muhammed Ali Jinnah, Governor General of Pakistan.
1-August-1952Nationalised Airways at Safdarjung, New Delhi inaugurated by Nehru.
1-August-1952Yajurvindra Singh Jaswant Singh, cricketer (Indian batsman four Tests 1977-79), was born in Rajkot.
1-August-1953All Private Airlines were nationalised by establishing of All Airlines India International.
1-August-1953Bombay Government decides to abolish ''jagirs'' in merged areas.
1-August-1955Arun Lal, cricketer (Indian batsman in sixteen Tests 1982-89), was born in Moradabad, U.P. - - - (Birth place Moradabad or Delhi).
1-August-1957M. K. Vellodi was appointed as the Cabinet Secretary of India. He held this office till 04-06-1958
1-August-1957National Book Trust inaugurated.
1-August-1958Ramon Magsaysay Award for community leadership given to Acharya Bhave.
1-August-1962Establishment of Maharashtra State Industrial Development Corporation.
1-August-1963Soviets offer India arms to block China.
1-August-1964Air Chief Marshal Arjan Singh, Padma Vibhushan, DFC. became the Air Officer Commanding, India Command. He was in this office till 15/07/1969.
1-August-1966Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya (HPKV) was established at Palampur under the aegis of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, to cater to the need of hilly areas of erstwhile Punjab.
1-August-1970Bhopal University was established.
1-August-1970Former Beatle George Harrison led an all-star entourage of rock talent through two sold-out shows at New York's Madison Square Garden tonight, in a benefit for Bangladesh refugees. More than 40,000 attended the concerts, and Harrison hoped to donate $250,000 to the cause. The shows opened with sets of Indian music by sitarist Ravi Shankar, then moved through songs featuring Harrison, Eric Clapton, Billy Preston, Leon Russell, and another ex-Beatle, Ringo Starr. But the evening's most ecstatic ovations were reserved for the unexpected appearance of Bob Dylan.
1-August-1986Amnesty scheme for evaders of taxes announced.
1-August-1988Air Chief Marshal Surinder Kumar Mehra PVSM, AVSM, VM, ADC., became the Air Officer Commanding, India Command. He was in this office till 31/July/1991.
1-August-1989Kirti Vrajlal Ambani,Reliance executive, held in connection with a plot to kill Bombay Dyeing Chairman Nusli Wadia.
1-August-1990Devi Lal, Dy. PM, dropped from Union Cabinet following wild charges he made against colleagues in an interview with the 'Illustrated Weekly'.
1-August-1992Narasimha Rao, PM, dedicates Vizag Steel Plant to the nation.
1-August-1992S. Rajgopal was appointed as the Cabinet Secretary of India. He held this office till 31-07-1993
1-August-1993Air Chief Marshal Swaroop Krishna Kaul PVSM, MVC, ADC., became the Air Officer Commanding, India Command. He was in this office till 31/Dec/1995
1-August-1993Dr. K. N. Raju, a Nilakantan protegee, assumes office as NAL's fourth Director
1-August-1993Jananayak Debeswar Sarmah, great freedom fighter, architect and nationalist, died at Jorhat, Assam.
1-August-1994Surendra Singh was appointed as the Cabinet Secretary of India. He held this office till 31-07-1996
1-August-1994The Railway passenger insurance scheme comes into force.
1-August-1995Vohra Panel submits report, highlights nexus between mafia and politicians.
1-August-1996Madhu Dandavate is made Dy. Chairman, Planning Commission.
1-August-1996T. S. R. Subramaniam was appointed as the Cabinet Secretary of India. He held this office till 31-03-1998
1-August-1997Viswanathan Anand wins the Credit Suisse Masters chess tournament in Beil.
1-August-1997Lt. Gen. Ved Prakash Malik to be next chief of Army staff. Gen. Shankar Roy Chowdhury retires on September 30.
1-August-1997Nitin Mongia wins Laser standard in sailing championship in Hyderabad.
1-August-1998The DMK condemns the BJP-led coalition Government's decision to set up a Multi-Disciplinary Monitoring Agency and rejects the Action Taken Report on the final report of the Jain Commission with reference to Mr. M. Karunanidhi.
1-August-2000Lt. Gen. Padmanabhan to be new Army chief replacing Gen. V. P. Malik.
1-August-2000One hundred people of Kinnaur, Shimla and Mandi districts of HP die following flash floods in the Sutlej river.
1-August-2000The Lok Sabha adopts Uttar Pradesh State Reorganisation Bill paving the way for the creation of Uttaranchal the 27th State.
1-August-200027 'yatris' (travelers) die after militants attack a ''langar'' in a Pahalgam health resort en route to the Amarnath cave shrine.
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31 JUL HISTORY TODAY

Today in Indian History
Events for July 31
31-July-1658Aurangzeb appoints himself Mongol emperor.
31-July-18619,300 mm rainfall in July in Cherrapunji, Assam becomes a world record.
31-July-1865Jagannath Sunkersett, great social worker, educationist and sculptor of modern Mumbai, passed away at the age of 62.
31-July-1880Nawab Rai\Dhanpat Rai, 'Prem Chand', great litterateur, writer, editor, journalist and headmaster, was born at Lamahi village near Varanasi, UP.
31-July-1902Keshav Shankar Pillai, great writer and Padma Bhushan awardee, was born at Kayamkulam in Kerala.
31-July-1907Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi, famous ancient researcher and mathematician, was born.
31-July-1912Allan Octavian, great social reformer, patriot, lawyer, journalist and politician, passed away at the age of 84.
31-July-1914Amar Nath Chawla, politician, was born at Taunggri, (Burma).
31-July-1916Mohanlal Sukhadia, chief minister of Rajasthan and freedom fighter, was born at Jhalawar.
31-July-1919Hemchandra ""Hemu"" Ramchandra Adhikari, cricketer (right-handed batsman 1947-59), was born in Bar
31-July-1933Gandhiji was arrested from Sabarmati Ashram and imprisoned without trial.
31-July-1938Khalid Anwer Ansari, social worker, was born.
31-July-1940Udham Singh, fiery revolutionary, freedom fighter and social reformer, was hanged by the British Government in the Pantone Villa Jail, London.
31-July-1946Jinnah threatens sanctions of ""Direct Actio
31-July-1948State Transport Corporation was established in Calcutta.
31-July-1952Bela Mitra, commander of ""Nari Vahini"" and activist of ""Azad Hind Fauj"", passed away. She also worked as partition
31-July-1964Air Marshal Aspy Merwan Engineer DFC retired from the Air Officer Commanding, India Command.
31-July-1974B. S. Chawla was appointed as the Narcotics Commissioner of India. He headed this office till 15-08-1974.
31-July-1980Muhammad Rafi, famous playback singer, died at the age of 40.
31-July-1985Lalit Maken, Congress (I) M.P, his wife and a visitor at their residence in Delhi were shot down by terrorists.
31-July-1988Air Chief Marshal D A La Fontaine PVSM, AVSM, VM. retired as the Air Officer Commanding, India Command.
31-July-1990Charan Singh Rathi at New Delhi sets record for 20 km W. in 1.25.48\_\_.
31-July-1991Air Chief Marshal Surinder Kumar Mehra PVSM, AVSM, VM, ADC., retired as the Air Officer Commanding, India Command.
31-July-1991Air Chief Marshal Nirmal Chandra Suri PVSM, AVSM, VM, ADC. became the Air Officer Commanding, India Command. He was in this office till 31/July/1993.
31-July-1992Sitar maestro Pt. Ravishankar wins the Magsaysay Award.
31-July-1992Thailand Airlines crashed in Himalayan Range, 113 persons died.
31-July-1993Air Chief Marshal Nirmal Chandra Suri PVSM, AVSM, VM, ADC. retired as the Air Officer Commanding, India Command.
31-July-1993K. Vijaya Rama Rao became the director of Central Bureau of Investigation (till 31/07/96).
31-July-1993Transport operators begin nation-wide strike.
31-July-1993Zafar Saifullah was appointed as the Cabinet Secretary of India. He held this office till 31-07-1994
31-July-1995Rishang Keshing,Manipur CM, wins the vote of confidence.
31-July-1996Joginder Singh became the director of Central Bureau of Investigation (till 30/06/97).
31-July-1996Supreme Court exempts Rao from appearing in CMM court personally.
31-July-1997Election Commission agrees to grant national party status to Bahujan Samaj Party but asks it to give up its election symbol--elephant.
31-July-1997V. Thangapandian (64), Tamil Nadu Commercial Taxes Minister, died at Rajapalayam in Virudhunagar district.
31-July-2000The Government announces appointment of Justice B. M. Lal as Chairman of the MRTP Commission.
31-July-2000The Lok Sabha passes by voice vote a bill for creation of Chhattisgarh state.

















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Saturday, 30 July 2016

30 JUL 762 AL MANSUR FORMED BAGHDAD

-Manṣūr

 
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ʿAbbāsid caliph
Alternative title: Abū Jaʿfar ʿAbd Allāh al-Manṣūr ibn Muḥammad
al-ManṣūrʿAbbāsid caliph
Also known as
  • Abū Jaʿfar ʿAbd Allāh al-Manṣūr ibn Muḥammad
Born
c. 709 or c. 714
Al-Humaymah, Jordan
Died
October 7, 775
Al-Manṣūr, in full Abū Jaʿfar ʿAbd Allāh al-Manṣūr ibn Muḥammad (born 709–714, Al-Ḥumaymah, Syria [Jordan]—died October 7, 775, near Mecca, Arabia [now in Saudi Arabia]) the second caliph of the ʿAbbāsid dynasty (754–775), generally regarded as the real founder of the ʿAbbāsid caliphate. He established the capital city atBaghdad (762–763).
Al-Manṣūr was born at Al-Ḥumaymah, the home of the ʿAbbāsid family after their emigration from the Hejaz in 687–688. His father, Muḥammad, was a great-grandson of ʿAbbās; his mother was a Berber slave.
Shortly before the overthrow of the Umayyads, the first dynasty of caliphs, by an army of rebels from Khorāsān, many of whom were influenced by propaganda spread by the ʿAbbāsids, the last Umayyad caliph, Marwān II, arrested the head of the ʿAbbāsid family, al-Manṣūr’s brother Ibrāhīm. Al-Manṣūr fled with the rest of the family to Kūfah in Iraq, where some of the leaders of the Khorāsānian rebels gave their allegiance to another brother of al-Manṣūr, Abū al-ʿAbbās al-Saffāḥ, Ibrāhīm having died in captivity. Al-Saffāḥ was the first ʿAbbāsid caliph.
Because his brother died in 754, after only five years as caliph, it was upon al-Manṣūr that the main burden of establishing the ʿAbbāsid caliphate fell. Al-Manṣūr had played an important part in wiping out the last remnants of Umayyad resistance. During his brother’s caliphate he led an army to Mesopotamia, where he received the submission of a governor after informing him of the death of the last Umayyad caliph. In Iraq itself, the last Umayyad governor had taken refuge with his army in a garrison town. Promised a safe-conduct by al-Manṣūr and the caliph, he surrendered the town, only to be executed with a number of his followers.
A danger to al-Manṣūr’s caliphate came from a number of revolts by ambitious army commanders. The most serious of these was the revolt in 754 of al-Manṣūr’s uncle, ʿAbd Allāh, who thought he had better claims to the caliphate than his nephew. The danger was only averted with the help of Abū Muslim, one of the chief organizers of the revolt against the Umayyads.
Al-Manṣūr was largely responsible for cutting the ʿAbbāsids free from the movement that had brought them to power. While his brother was still caliph, al-Manṣūr was involved in the murder of several leading persons in that movement. Upon becoming caliph himself, one of his first acts was to bring about the death of the man who had helped him become caliph, Abū Muslim. These acts served both to remove potential rivals and to dissociate the ʿAbbāsids from their “extremist” supporters.
Perhaps in reaction to this policy, a number of revolts broke out, in which some of the pre-Islamic religions of Iran were involved. In 755 in Khorāsān, a certain Sunbadh, described as a magi (here probably meaning a follower of the Mazdakite heresy, not an orthodox Zoroastrian), revolted, demanding vengeance for the murdered Abū Muslim. Another group connected with the name of Abū Muslim, the Rāwandiyyah, was charged with belief in the transmigration of souls and holding al-Manṣūr to be their god. Because of these excesses, al-Manṣūr had to suppress them, probably in 757–758. Finally, in 767 al-Manṣūr had to put down another revolt in Khorāsān, the leader of which was accused of claiming to be a prophet.
Probably the most frustrated of those who had worked against the Umayyads were those who had believed they were fighting for a leader from among the descendants of the Prophet Muhammad’s closest male relative, ʿAlī. When it became clear that the ʿAbbāsids had no intention of handing over power to an ʿAlid, these groups again moved into opposition. Al-Manṣūr’s consequent harsh treatment of the ʿAlids led to a rebellion in 762–763, which was quickly put down.
Al-Manṣūr’s achievement, however, was not based simply upon military power. His most lasting monument is the great city of Baghdad, upon which work began, at his command, in 762. The decision to build Baghdad was probably partly due to the restlessness of the chief towns in Iraq, Basra and, especially, Kūfah, but, in part, too, it was a statement by al-Manṣūr that the ʿAbbāsids had come to stay. It was significant that he considered taking some material for the construction of Baghdad from the ruins of Ctesiphon, the capital of the last native Iranian dynasty.
Another reason for the construction of the new capital was the need to house the rapidly growing bureaucracy, developed by al-Manṣūr under the influence of Iranian ideas in an attempt to provide a more stable basis for ʿAbbāsid rule.
By these political and military measures al-Manṣūr firmly established the ʿAbbāsid caliphate. Furthermore, he arranged the succession in favour of his son, al-Mahdī, and every future ʿAbbāsid caliph could trace his descent directly to al-Manṣūr.
Al-Manṣūr is described as a tall, lean man, with a brown complexion and a sparse beard. There are a number of anecdotes designed to illustrate the simplicity of his life, his tightfistedness, his love of poetry, and his objection to music. He died in 775 on his way to Mecca to perform the pilgrimage and was buried near the holy city.
G.R. Hawting
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